Several hormonal systems are activated in chronic congestive heart failure. However, although diagnostic and prognostic implications are clear, the assessment of neuroendocrine markers is still very limited in clinical practice, probably due to its great complexity and the variability of the results it yields. In recent years, several new neuroendocrine markers have been identified, each having its own relevance. All the studies carried out so far have focused mainly on the pathophysiological correlates of neuroendocrine activation (hemodynamic parameters or clinical outcome). However, we are now in the position to make use of all these markers in daily clinical practice...