Autonomic nervous cardiovascular regulation in borderline hypertension
S. Julius, M. Esler

In this article from 1975, the authors review the evidence for the hypothesis that most of the observed abnormalities in borderline hypertension can be explained by neurogenic mechanisms...

Insulin resistance and hypersecretion in obesity. European Group for the Study of Insulin Resistance (EGIR)
E. Ferrannini, A. Natali, P. Bell, P. Cavallo-Perin, N. Lalic, G. Mingrone

Insulin resistance is commonly recognized to occur in obesity and, when associated with other abnormalities, may be termed the insulin resistance syndrome...

State-of-the-art lecture. Obesity-induced hypertension: new concepts from the emerging biology of obesity
A. L. Mark, M. Correia, D. A. Morgan, R. A. Schaffer, W. G. Haynes

Mark et al, in this article, challenge the view that obesity-induced hypertension is secondary to insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia...

Adrenergic and reflex abnormalities in obesity-related hypertension
G. Grassi, G. Seravalle, R. Dell’Oro, C. Turri, G. B. Bolla, G. Mancia

Sympathetic overactivity as assessed by norepinephrine spillover and microneurographic recording of muscle sympathetic nervous activity (MSNA) has been shown to be present in normotensive overweight subjects...

Impact of overweight on the risk of developing common chronic diseases during a 10-year period
A. E. Field, E. H. Coakley, A. Must, J. L. Spadano, N. Laird, W. H. Dietz, E. Rimm, G. A. Colditz

A comparison of the 10-year risk of developing chronic diseases such as high cholesterol level, hypertension, gallstones, type 2 diabetes, heart disease, stroke, and colon cancer in overweight and normal weight adults was carried out in 77 690 women from the Nurses' Health Study (mean age 52.9 years) and 46 060 men from the Health Professionals Follow-up study (mean age 54.5 years)...

Sympathetic nervous system and insulin resistance: from obesity to diabetes
M. Esler, M. Rumantir, G. Wiesner, D. Kaye, J. Hastings, G. Lambert

Highlighting the role of obesity in the development of hypertension, insulin resistance, and diabetes in reference to the sympathetic nervous system (SNS), this article reviews studies that have quantified SNS function by measuring rates of sympathetic nerve firing (clinical microneurography) and measuring organ-specific norepinephrine (NE) spillover into plasma...

Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among US adults: findings from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
E. S. Ford, W. H. Giles, W. H. Dietz

Similar to the paper by Park et al (2003) from the Archives of Internal Medicine (see review), this brief report seeks to establish the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome as defined by the Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (ATP III)...

Frequency of the WHO metabolic syndrome in European cohorts, and an alternative definition of an insulin resistance syndrome
B. Balkau, M. A. Charles, T. Drivsholm, K. Borch-Johnsen, N. Warenham, J. S. Yudkin, R. Morris, I. Zavaroni, R. van Dam, E. Feskins, et al; European Group For The Study Of Insulin Resistance (EGIR)

The World Health Organization (WHO) Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus defined the metabolic syndrome in 1999...

The metabolic syndrome and total and cardiovascular disease mortality in middle-aged men
H. M. Lakka, D. E. Laaksonen, T. A. Lakka, L. K. Niskanen, E. Kumpusalo, J. Tuomilehto, J. T. Salonen

Lakka and colleagues, in this article, assessed the association of the metabolic syndrome as defined by the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) and the World Health Organization (WHO) with cardiovascular and overall mortality during an 11-year follow-up in a population of middle-aged Finnish men with no diabetes or cardiovascular disease at baseline...

The metabolic syndrome: prevalence and associated risk factor findings in the US population from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994
Y.W. Park, S. Zhu, L. Palaniappan, S. Heshka, M. R. Carnethon, S. B. Heymsfield

Using the Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel (ATP III) guidelines for diagnosis of the metabolic syndrome, this paper aimed to examine the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome by ethnicity, age, body mass index (BMI), socioeconomic status, and lifestyle factors...