It is in a way strange how two of the biggest killers worldwide—myocardial infarction and stroke—are sons of the same mother: the atherothrombotic lesion in the coronary artery or in the cerebral circulation. Ironically, the cardiologist is quite often called to take care of the consequences of the atherothrombosis on the heart and to reduce the size of an infarct as much a possible, as is the internist or the neurologist when dealing with a stroke. However, the real target for both of these conditions is not the heart or the brain, but rather the endothelium of the vessel. If the endothelium is normal, no atherosclerosis or thrombosis can occur; but if the endothelium is abnormal, then the onset of complex biochemical structural/functional changes inexorably leads to the constitution of the atherosclerotic plaque. Of course, there are various genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors that influence the onset and the development of this dangerous process...