Epidemiologic studies have shown that elevated heart rate is a strong marker of adverse cardiovascular outcomes. Slowing heart rate may thus be a valid therapeutic target in coronary artery disease patients. -Blockers are the most widely used medication able to decrease heart rate. They improve cardiovascular outcomes in patients after acute myocardial infarction, but their use remains fraught with difficulties, mainly related to their potential side effects. There are also the heart rate–lowering calcium channel blockers diltiazem and verapamil, but their effect is difficult to predict and data on their clinical benefit are rather scant. The If current inhibitor ivabradine is a potent antianginal agent that acts through pure heart rate reduction and is devoid of other hemodynamic properties. Beside medication, exercise training is an efficacious means of lowering heart rate if maintained over time...